Par Robert-Alain MOMNOUGUI*       http://www.arce.bf/spip.php?article194

Abstract :

The explosion of the information and communication technologies is like the computing treatments deportation which is traditionally located in local servers is done in remote servers: this is called Cloud computing which is delivery of computing as a service in French(infonuagique). The methodology of our approach take aims to provide contributions elements upon a new organization operating system. Applications and data are no more found in local computer, but figuratively speaking in a (“cloud”) composed of certain numbers of interlinked remote servers comprising of excellent bandwidth that is essential of fluidness of the system. In Africa specifically, status and resolution upon all confusions linked to the international bandwidth should be the access to  the service made by standard application easily available, most of time, for instance web navigator. Could we categorically introduce the cloud like the information  system component of the enterprise and as a further interface between the driver system and the classic operating system which it fuses in randomly?

This concept is seen as a major evolution by some analysts, or like a marketing trap by others, notably by Richard Stallman. From this perspective, it should be important to prepare a methodological and scientific study  with possibilities of econo-technico-regulatory impact estimation. All this will allow us to elaborate an impact Cloud theory, the actual telecommunication environment in most of African countries: legislation action, regulation, technical operations, functionalities, technical components,  and consumers.

Thereafter our contributions are building in detail upon impact, pointing the entire quantitative and qualitative telecommunication adjustment produced by the process which consequently allows us to first define the  telecommunication environment linked component (i); then action of cloud (j); and interactions between these ones and those ones(ij).Therefore, criteria series will serve to assess the importance of each interaction in the matrix that we build: Basis criteria and additional criteria(Bojórquez-Tapia and al., 1998). But as the impact assessment is often characterized by a high level indecisive proof,  and insufficient understanding level thus holding towards subjective, incoherent, and contradictory judgment, we will work for these assessment fuzzy logic as mathematic technique which could be used to perform complex or uncertain phenomena like those of the cloud computing impact.

In this work finally, the question is to perform the facts upon new digital ecosystem that are linked in telecommunication environment tools for their regulations.

In this way, we want to demonstrate that for organizations, the strategy should be oriented towards the introduction of digital components which can not be ignored under competitive regression difficulties knowing potential impact cloud computing assessment in our information and communication system environment. Therefore, nowadays, managers should create the virtual biotope in their organizations like the operating system towards information system assessed for strengthening the driver who faces of daily digital ecosystem. The importance of the digital mark will be reinforced by the exchanges virtualization, so African managers should participate in creation, development, maintenance and enrichment of the digital ecosystem which contributes nowadays undoubtedly to the creation of  merit.

It should be important for regulators to not only be concerned by economic data for ambitious markets, but to get serious control tools in order to ensure that telecommunications operators respect the terms of their contracts, the measure of traffic, debits and appropriated security tools. Using some statistics, we analyze the impact of telecommunications in Africa in order to propose contributions which could shed light to the recommendations given to regulatory institutions for the benefit of all  concerned.

Keywords: Digital ecosystem, human virtual biotope, regulation, cloud computing impact

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. Parallels to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid, wherein end-users consume power without needing to understand the component devices or infrastructure required to provide the service. Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources.

It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet.

This may take the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if they were programs installed locally on their own computers.[9] Cloud computing providers deliver applications via the internet, which are accessed from a Web browser, while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location.

In some cases, legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in thin client Windows computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology such as Citrix XenApp, while the computing resources are consolidated at a remote data center location; in other cases, entire business applications have been coded using web-based technologies such as AJAX. Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services delivered through shared data-centers. The Cloud may appear as a single point of access for consumers' computing needs; notable examples include the iTunes Store and the iOS App Store. Commercial offerings may be required to meet service level agreements (SLAs), but specific terms are less often negotiated by smaller companies.

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Taking into account the serious risks listed in the Risk section above, there are some advantages for a company that decides to benefit of a cloud computing service:

• Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.
• Application Programming Interface (API) accessibility to software that enables machines to interact with cloud software in the same way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers. Cloud computing systems typically use REST-based APIs.
• Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure.This is purported to lower barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house).
• Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.
• Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:
  • Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
  • Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load-levels)
  • Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilized.
• Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.
• Scalability via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads.
• Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface.
• Security could improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels.Security is often as good as or better than under traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford.However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or greater number of devices and in multi-tenant systems that are being shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit logs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.
• Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each user's computer. They are easier to support and to improve, as the changes reach the clients instantly.

 
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MOMNOUGUI Robert-Alain
Telecommunication Regulatory Board of Cameroon
Member of ITU Expert Group on Telecommunication/ICT Indicators
POBox: 6132,private POBox: 6247
GSM: + 237 99776099 / + 237 77984763, fixphone: + 237 22018144
Websites:
http://momnougui.robert.alain.over-blog.com
              
e-mail:  robert-alain.momnougui@ties.itu.int
            robert.momnougui@art.cm
            momnougui_robert_alain@yahoo.com
            robert-momnougui@hotmail.com  
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La Sous Direction des Enquêtes et Statistiques approuve les avancées qui sont faites par la hiérarchie dans les divers accords de l’ART, visant à impulser l’adéquation Université/Grande Ecole/Entreprise dans la prise en compte des travaux d’encadrement des mémoires de fin d’études de nos jeunes compatriotes, afin que les réalités qui ont fait des pays émergents et développés ce qu’ils sont aujourd’hui se réalisent aussi chez nous ; Le Sous Directeur des Enquêtes et des statistiques M. MOMNOUGUI Robert-Alain par cette voie a proposé six sujets de mémoire aux élèves finissants Ingénieurs de l’ENSPT, et un septième à une élève Ingénieur des statistiques venant de l’ISSEA, sujets sur lesquels ces Ingénieurs ont été à l’œuvre afin de réaliser des projections d’une prospective avérée dans la branche pour une meilleure régulation et le développement des télécommunications au Cameroun. 

Ces sujets ont eu pour thèmes :

1- Etude de l’ENUM (tElephone NUmber Mapping) en vue de donner une solution technique pour une baisse des coûts de la téléphonie au Cameroun[M. Bayang Norbert, Directeur de mém. M. MOMNOUGUI Robert-Alain]  ;

2-Elaboration des questionnaires pour Enquêtes en ligne (formulaire électronique) en vue de mettre en œuvre les recueils de données Statistiques des opérateurs Télécommunications du Cameroun [M. MBOUA Roger Baudry, Directeur de mém. M. MOMNOUGUI Robert-Alain]  ;

3-Cartographie des opérateurs des Télécommunications à base de support multimédia en ligne [M. PIEDJOU Stéphane, Directeur de mém. M. MOMNOUGUI Robert-Alain]  ;

4-Intemporalité sur les coûts de Télécommunications en prospective : étude des coûts des accès et services des Télécommunications en fonction des largeurs de bande de fréquences et des vitesses de transmission[ M. SOUGNA Zacharie, Directeur de mém. M. MOMNOUGUI Robert-Alain] ;

5-Question prospective sur l’évolution de la régulation des systèmes convergents des Télécommunications : exemple de l’ART actuelle EPA comme future AAI  [M. TCHINDA KAMETA Raoul, Directeur de mém. M. MOMNOUGUI Robert-Alain] ;

6-Exploration d’outils d’audit de sécurité pour une meilleure régulation des exploitants de réseaux et fournisseurs de service des télécommunications [M. ISSA Abbas, Directeur de mém. M. MOMNOUGUI Robert-Alain]  ;

7-Mise en œuvre d’un processus de gestion d’un système d’information statistique à l’ART [Mlle. WANG SONNE Elise, Directeur de mém. M. MOMNOUGUI Robert-Alain] ;

Nous projetons organiser des séminaires au sein de l’ART sous le patronage de M. le Directeur Général pour permettre à tout le personnel impliqué, et qui désire tirer profit des études et de la prospective des sujets abordés d’y participer. Sur ce, la Sous Direction des Enquêtes et Statistiques compte continuer à remplir ses rôles et prérogatives spécialement dans le cadre de la modification de l’organigramme de l’ART rendu public en avril 2010.

La gestion du système d’information statistique relative à la branche des télécommunications à l’ART incombe à la Sous Direction des Statistiques. Le Sous-Directeur ayant la charge de sa coordination au sein de l’ART. Elle a des responsabilités qu’elle mesure sur l’importance conjoncturelle du développement des Technologies et doit s’y arrimer. C’est dans ce sens qu’un système très actuel est bâti dans nos services afin  de recueillir et de collecter de manière diverse des enquêtes classiques ou automatisées, d’exploiter, de traiter, de vérifier ,de stoker, d’extraire, de vérifier, de valider, de publier, et de diffuser l’information statistique qui permet le suivi et la maîtrise de l’évolution du marché pour une meilleure lisibilité afin d’en évaluer l’impact dans l’économie et d’orienter les prises de décisions au sein de l'ART, tant des pouvoirs publics que privés pour le développement harmonieux des Télécommunications au Cameroun./-